Chinese immigrants suffered, from their first
arrivals in the 1820s, discrimination and rejection
by a large part of society. To a greater or lesser
extent, this rejection stemmed from the
enormous cultural, ethnic, and social differences
between immigrants and American society: from
basic issues such as language and cultural
background, to purely racist issues such as the
ethnic component.
Right from the start, they were exposed to the
racism of the European population, which
culminated in massacres and the forced
resettlement of Chinese migrants in Chinatowns
in the 1870s. In legal terms, too, the Chinese
were far worse off in the United States than
most other ethnic minorities. They had to pay
special taxes, were not allowed to marry
partners of European descent and could not
acquire American citizenship. The Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882, which closed American
borders to Chinese immigrants for more than 60 years, brought additional suffering.